高职院校护理专业药理学教学改革的探索

在高等职业教育的发展之下,护理专业教育模式也出现了极大的转变,现行的传统教学模式和课程体系存在着很多的问题,已经无法满足学生的发展需求了,如何在信息化背景下对教育模式与教育体系进行改革是近年来职业教育改革的重点与难点。以选择不同的教学方法、手段及合理组织教学内容整合为基础的药理学教学属于一种新型的教学模式,可以有效带动起学生的学习兴趣,取得良好的教学成效。该文对比进行了探索及分享。     

Assessing perceived quality of primary care under hospital-township health centre integration: A cross-sectional study in China

Since the new round of health care reform in 2009, the vertical integration of hospitals and primary health institutions has become widely implemented in China as an efficient method for improving quality of primary care. This study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) What is the perceived quality of township health centres (THCs) under integration? (B) What differences could be observed among the three typical integration models, namely, private hospital-THC integration, public hospital-THC integration, and loose collaboration? Two rounds of cross-sectional surveys were conducted from November 2016 to June 2018. The Chinese version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool was used to evaluate perceived quality of sample THCs, and 1118 adult patients were interviewed in total. Multiple linear regressions were employed to compare the quality scores between two survey rounds and among different integration models after controlling for potential confounders. The results revealed that the quality of care significantly improved under private hospital-THC integration as observed by comparing two survey rounds, while no change or slight changes were observed in the other two models. The difference observed among the three models was that the perceived quality of THCs integrated with private hospitals was worse than that of THCs integrated with public hospitals and THCs under loose collaboration, while no significant difference was observed between public hospital-THC integration and loose collaboration. Increased attention should be given to highlighting the tight integration between hospitals and THCs and the different roles played by private and public hospitals in the current reform.     

The effect of malpractice law on physician supply: Evidence from negligence-standard reforms

We explore whether the composition of the physician workforce is impacted by the clinical standards imposed on physicians under medical liability rules. Specifically, we explore whether the proportion of non-surgeons practicing in a region decreases—and thus whether the proportion of surgeons increases—when liability standards are modified so as to expect that physicians practice more intensively. For these purposes, we draw on a quasi-experiment made possible by states shifting from local to national customs as the basis for setting liability standards. Using data from the Area Health Resource File from 1977 to 2005, we find that the rate of non-surgeons among practicing physicians decreases by 2–2.4 log points (or by 1.4–1.7 percentage points) following the adoption of national-standard laws in initially low surgery-rate regions—i.e., following a change in the law that effectively expects physicians to increase their use of surgical approaches.     

临床视觉电生理学教学模式改革经验

 视觉电生理检查作为客观的视功能检查方法在眼科临床工作中具有重要意义，但大部分眼科医师对此技术一知半解。这与当前眼科继续教育和研究生教育等精英教育现况相关。本文总结多年临床视觉电生理学教学实践经验，分享该课程设计、教学实施和课程考核等多个环节的改革经验，对医学精英教育的探索有一定参考价值。（眼科，2020，29： 315-317）     

睡眠时间与动脉粥样硬化的关系研究进展

作为可调节的行为因素,睡眠与心血管事件的相关性正逐渐引起人们的关注。越来越多的研究显示,睡眠时间过长或过短,都会增加心血管事件的风险。其作用机制可能与内分泌、代谢因素、炎症反应以及血管内皮细胞功能损伤等机制相关。本文从流行病学、机制及干预措施等方面阐述睡眠时间对动脉粥样硬化发病率的影响及可能的病理生理学机制。     

基于网络药理学探讨清金化浊方治疗慢阻肺的作用机制＊

目的 利用网络药理学方法探讨清金化浊方治疗慢阻肺的作用机制。方法 在中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台（Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology，TCMSP）平台检索组方君臣药物的主要化学成分及作用靶点，通过TTD、CTD、DisGeNET、GeneCards数据库获得慢性阻塞性肺疾病（Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease，COPD）相关靶点，筛选药物与疾病的交集靶点及有效活性成分。利用Cytoscape3.7.2构建药物-化合物-靶点-疾病网络，利用STRING数据库构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用关系（Protein-Protein Interaction，PPI）网络 拓扑分析图，并分析核心靶点。利用DAVID数据库进行基因功能（Gene Ontology，GO）和基于京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes，KEGG）富集分析，并绘制通路-靶点网络图。基于网络分析结果，纳入2020年1月-2021年1月我科收治的AECOPD患者，采用区组随机法按1：1分为对照组（西医治疗组）、研究组（清金化浊方联合西医治疗组），比较两组患者的IL-6、TNF-α水平。结果 筛选得到164个中药成分靶点，3051个COPD靶点，映射得出药物-疾病交集靶点112个。分析得出清金化浊方治疗COPD主要有槲皮素、β-谷甾醇、山奈酚、豆甾醇、木犀草素等有效活性成分，涉及IL-6、TNF、MAPK3、VEGFA、TP53、PTGS2、MAPK1、PIK3CG等关键靶点。富集于药物反应、一氧化氮生物合成过程的正调控、缺氧反应等生物过程及83条信号通路，其中TNF、HIF-1和PI3K-Akt信号通路在COPD的治疗中最为重要。临床研究显示，两组治疗7天后IL-6、TNF-α均较治疗前下降；治疗后组间比较，研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 清金化浊方主要以抗炎为核心，兼有调节氧平衡、降低气道黏液高分泌、改善气道重塑、调节免疫功能及血液高凝状态等多方面的作用，为其临床应用提供一定指导价值，亦为进一步开展后续课题研究提供科学依据。     

Head,face and neck camel-related injuries: Biomechanics and severity

Introduction

Large animal-related human injuries are associated with high morbidity and mortality. There are no studies on biomechanics of the camel-related head, face, and neck (HFN) injuries. We aimed to study the mechanism, anatomical distribution and severity of camel-related HFN injuries.